More than 10,000 Dutch farmers have protested in The Hague against government plans to limit nitrogen emissions, a policy they say will spell the end of many farms and hit food production.

Many symbolically held the country’s flag upside down during the demonstration, which took place ahead of March 15 regional elections and followed similar protests by farmers in Belgium this month over nitrogen emission rules.

Elsewhere in the city, thousands of environmentalists blocked a major thoroughfare in an unauthorised protest against tax rules they say encourage the use of fossil fuels.

Police used water cannon to disperse a group of about 100 of the activists late in the afternoon.

The pro-farm protesters carried banners reading “No farmers, no food,” and “There is no nitrogen ‘problem'” during the peaceful demonstration organised by the Farmers’ Defence Force group.

Relatively large numbers of livestock and heavy use of fertilisers have led to levels of nitrogen oxides in the soil and water in the Netherlands and Belgium that are higher than European Union regulations allow.

Farm groups say the problem has been exaggerated and that the proposed solutions are unfair and ineffective.

Next week’s regional elections are significant because they will determine the make-up of the Dutch Senate, and because regional governments are responsible for translating national government goals – such as nitrogen caps – into concrete plans.

Environmentalists led by the climate activist group Extinction Rebellion scaled a wall next to the road they had blocked to hang a banner reading “Stop fossil subsidies”.

Protesters are demanding an end to fuel tax exemptions for oil refineries and coal plants, introduced to avoid double taxation, as well as exemptions for the aviation and shipping industries that were agreed at the EU level.

— AAP