An American researcher who spent 11 days stuck in a Turkish cave after falling ill says he thought he would die there before a complex international rescue operation got him out.

Mark Dickey, 40, appeared relaxed as he spoke at a hospital in Mersin, southern Turkey, where he is recovering from his ordeal.

Asked if he ever gave up hope while trapped 1000 metres underground, Dickey replied said no – “but there’s a difference between accurately recognising your current risk against giving up”.

“You don’t let things become hopeless, but you recognise the fact that ‘I’m going to die’,” he said.

Dickey fell ill on September 2 with stomach bleeding while mapping the Morca cave in southern Turkey’s Taurus Mountains.

He vomited blood and had lost large amounts of it and other fluids by the time rescuers brought him to the surface on Tuesday.

What caused his condition, which rendered him too frail to climb out of the cave on his own, remained unclear.

Dressed in a blue T-shirt and with an IV line plug attached to his hand, the experienced caver from Croton-on-Hudson, New York, thanked the Turkish government for acting “quickly, decisively” to get the medical supplies needed to sustain him down into the cave.

He also praised the international effort to save him.

Teams from Turkey and several European countries mounted a challenging operation that involved pulling him up the cave’s steep vertical sections and navigating through mud and cold water in the horizontal ones.

Rescuers had to widen some of the cave’s narrow passages, install ropes to pull him up shafts on a stretcher and set up temporary camps along the way before the operation could begin.

Medical personnel treated and monitored Dickey as teams comprised of a doctor and three to four other rescuers took turns staying by his side at all times.

“This honestly was an amazing rescue,” said Dickey, who also is an experienced underground rescuer.

“This was an amazing example of international collaboration, of what we can do together as a country, as a world.”

Commenting on the “insane” public focus on his rescue, he said “I really am blessed to be alive”.

“It’s been a tough time,” Dickey said.

“While I was trapped underground – I was trapped for 11 days – I learned that I had a nation watching, hoping, praying that I would survive: Turkey.”

Dickey will continue his recovery at Mersin City Hospital.

Laughing and joking during his brief media conference on Thursday, he said he would “definitely” continue to explore caves.

“There’s risk in all life and in this case, the medical emergency that occurred was completely unpredicted and unknown, and it was a one-off,” he said, adding that he “would love to” return to Morca cave, Turkey’s third deepest, to complete his task.

About 190 people from Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Turkey took part in the rescue, including doctors, paramedics and experienced cavers.

The Italian National Alpine and Speleological Corps said the rescue operation took more than 100 rescuers from about 10 countries a total of 60 hours and that Dickey was in the cave for roughly 500 hours.

-AP